Direct and Indirect Speech beserta contoh kalimat nya

kita akan membahas mengenai bentuk kalimat langsung dan kalimat tidak langsung.Direct speech or quotations are the exact words that someone says. Direct speech adalah  kalimat langsung yang dituturkan oleh si pembicaranya. Biasanya kalimat ini menggunakan quotation marks / tanda petik  (“...”). tanda koma juga sering digunakan untuk mengawali sebuah kalimat langsung.

Contoh:

Mila said, “Max is not coming.”

Sedangkan indirect speech atau reported speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung. Kalimat ini menyampaikan sebuah gagasan atau ide, tapi kalimatnya bukan keluar dari pembicaranya. Reported speech tidak diapit oleh tanda petik dan tidak menggunakan tanda koma sebelumnya.

Contoh:

            Mila said that Max is (was) not coming.

Dalam indirect speech, bentuk kalimat terutama tenses nya cenderung berubah. Kata kerja (verb) maupun kata bantu modal auxiliaries bisa berubah kedalam bentuk past.

Contoh:

            Tom said, “I need my pen.”                                            Tom said (that) he needed his pen.

            Sally said, “I am hungry.”                                               Sally said (that) she was hungry.

            Yudi said, “I will tell you.”                                               Yudi said (that) he would tell me.

Perubahan ini mungkin muncul ketika kalimatnya disampaikan/ diberikan pada waktu atau tempat yang berbeda ketika si pembicara awal (original speaker) menuturkan kalimatnya.

Perubahan Tenses dan modal auxiliaries dalam indirect speech

Mengubah kalimat direct ke indirect speech tentunya harus memperhatikan perubahan tenses dan kata bantu modal auxiliaries-nya, berikut perubahan dan contohnya:

             Simple present                                                              simple past tense         

Lyra said, “Alex is at home.”                                           Lyra said (that) Alex was at home.

Lyra said, “Alex has a lot of work                                    Lyra said (that) Alex had a lot of work.

            Present continuous                                                        Past Continuous

            Lyra said, “Alex is reading a novel.”                               Lyra said (that) Alex was reading a novel.

            Present perfect                                                              past perfect

            Lyra said, “Alex has not finished it yet.”                         Lyra said (that) alex hadn’t finished it yet.

            Simple past                                                                   past perfect

            Lyra said, “Alex started yesterday.”                                 Lyra said (that) Alex had started yesterday.

            Past continuous                                                             past perfect continuous

            Lyra said, “Alex was working.”                                       Lyra said (that) alex had been working.

          Perubahan dalam Modal Auxiliaries

            Zulfan said, “Rachel cannot come.”                                Zulfan said (that) Rachel could not come.

            Zulfan said, “Rachel may come later.”                             Zulfan said (that) Rachel might come later.

            Zulfan said, “Rachel will come.”                                      Zulfan said (that) Rachel would come.

            Zulfan said, “Rachel must come.”                                   Zulfan said (that) Rachel had to come.

Perubahan pronoun dan adverb pada indirect speech

Selain tenses, perubahan dalam indirect speech  juga terjadi pada pronoun(kata ganti)  dan adverb (kata keterangan). Penggunaaan kata this, that, those, these, now, then, here, dan there berubah sesuai dengan waktu dan tempat dari indirect speech. Kata keterangan waktu seperti: Today, tomorrow dan yesterday mungkin juga berubah sesuai dengan waktu dari indirect speech.

Contoh kalimat:

Pronoun           

            Affan said, “I need your work.”                            Affan said (that) he needed my work.

            Erick said, “You have to finish immediately.”       Erick said (that) we had to finish immediately.

Demonstrative pronoun dan Adjectives

            Susan said, “This is beautiful.”                           Susan said that that was beautiful.

            Susan said, “These papers are important.”          Susan said that those papers were important.

Adverbs

            Lucy said, “I want them now.”                            Lucy said that she wanted them then.

            Mila said, “The tables are here.”                          Mila said that the tables were there.

           

Perubahan bentuk kalimat

Kalimat Tanya / interrogative sentence dalam indirect speech  tentu berubah. Jika dalam kalimat langsung berbentuk kalimat Tanya, maka berubah jadi kalimat pernyataan.

Bagaimana jika ada kata Tanya? Tetap dipakai tapi kalimatnya berbentuk kalimat pernyataan. Karena pada dasarnya, pertanyaan tersebut tidak membutuhkan jawaban.

Contoh:

            Yuna asked, “What time is it?”                            Yuna asked what time it was.

            My mother asked, “What are you doing?”             My mother asked what I was doing.

Bagaimana jika yes or no question yang tidak ada kata tanya? Pakai if sebagai pengganti kata tanya yang juga berarti apakah.

Contoh:

            Della asked, “Are you Ok?”                                 Della asked if I was OK.

            Della asked, “will you come tonight?”                  Della asked if I would come that night.

Bentuk command dalam indirect speech

Bentuk command/perintah dalam indirect speech juga harus berubah dengan menambahkan modal auxiliaries (should) ataupun kata to. Tentu dengan penambahan pronoun harus ditambahkan.

Contoh:

She said, “Come at 8.00.”                       She said to come at 8.00.

                                                                She said that we should come at 8.00.

Sumber referensi:          Mosaic I, A Content-Based Grammar, by Patricia K. Werner

                                      Fundamental of English Grammar, third edition, by Betty Schrampfer Azar

Cukup sekian penjelasan Direct indirect nya. jika ada pertanyaan, silahkan sampaikan pada kolom komentar. Semoga bermanfaat.

Terima kasih.